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 Grammar: The imperative eat drink and
be merry
“Go!”
“Eat!”, “Drink!”
“Eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we may die.”
“Don’t eat that!”
The imperative is the base form of the
verb (the infinitive without ‘to’: “eat”, “drink”, “Stop”, “go” etc.)
“Don’t walk on the grass” (the negative)
“Don’t be silly”
“Do not do that!”
“Do not leave your clothes on the floor!”
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Grammar: WILL
Don’t use ‘will’ for future plans or arrangements, use ‘going to’ or the
present continuous:
red-hand of ulster
“Tomorrow I’m going to meet my grandmother.”
Will is an auxiliary modal verb.
Will does not have an ‘s’ in the third person.
The negative of will is ‘won’t’ (will not)
Use will to make predictions: “Do you think there will be a referendum
in Cataluña?”
“Going to” can also be used for predictions, but usually when there is
EVIDENCE. For example, “Look at that huge black cloud in the sky, I
think it’s going to rain.”
Who do you think will win the next World Cup?
Reza thinks Holland will win.
Use will to express certainty (certeza) or confidence.
I’m sure you’ll (you will) agree that Ecuador is a beautiful country.
Ahh, that’ll be the postman!
Mary’s really nice. She’ll definitely help us.
She won’t marry me. She doesn’t love me anymore.
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Grammar: Clauses. Phrases and
sentences
¡OJO! – The word ‘phrase’ is a false friend. ‘Phrase’ in English does
not translate to frase in Spanish. The word Frase in Spanish is
translated as ‘sentence’.
Sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop.
The basic unit of English grammar is the clause:
A phrase in English does not contain a subject and a verb. It cannot
communicate a complete thought.
A clause does contain a subject and a verb and can convey a complete
idea.
“A lovely girl sat next to me in the café yesterday”
A=article; lovely=adjective; girl=noun – ‘A lovely girl’ is a phrase.
‘A lovely girl sat next to me’ is a clause (‘A lovely girl’=subject;
‘sat’=verb)
‘I thought’ is also a clause (I=subject, thought=verb)
‘I thought about you.’ (I=subject, thought=verb, about=preposition, you=indirect
object)
“A lovely girl (1st frase) sat next to me (2nd frase) in the café
yesterday (3rd frase)”
“A lovely girl sat next to me (clause)”
“A lovely girl sat next to me in the café yesterday” (sentence)
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Grammar: English clauses
All clauses in English have at least two parts: a noun phrase and a verb
phrase:
THE GIRL – Noun phrase (subject) SMILED – Verb phrase
ALL OF MY FRIENDS – Noun phrase (subject) WERE WATCHING – Verb phrase
But most clauses have more than two parts:
THE GIRL - SMILED
CRAIG - WANTED - A CUP OF TEA
REZA - HAS EATEN - TOO MANY POTATOES
THIS CAKE - TASTES - AWESOME!
CRAIG - IS - THE BEST TEACHER - IN VALENCIA
HE - PUT - THE BEER - IN THE FRIDGE
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