• Audience Rapport / • Voice quality / • Body Language / • Delivery
• Audience Reaction / • Nerves / • Visual aids / • Cultural Considerations

1. - ? - Audience Rapport Voice quality Body Language Delivery Audience Reaction Nerves Visual aids Cultural Considerations
This refers to the way in which you actually perform or give your presentation. It is a vital aspect of all presentations and it is at least as important as content, especially in a multi-cultural context.
2. - ? - Audience Rapport Voice quality Body Language Delivery Audience Reaction Nerves Visual aids Cultural Considerations
Most speakers feel a little uneasy at the beginning of a presentation, and this is perfectly normal. The answer is to pay special attention to the beginning of your presentation. First impressions are important and this is the time when you need to get the attention of your audience. As you begin, try to speak slowly and calmly. It’s a good idea to learn your introduction by heart. After a few moments, you will relax and gain confidence.
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You need to build a warm and friendly relationship with your audience. Enthusiasm is contagious. If you are enthusiastic your audience will be enthusiastic too. And be careful to establish eye contact with each member of your audience. Each person should feel that you are speaking directly to him or her. This means that you must look at each person in turn - in as natural a way as possible. This will also give you the opportunity to detect signs of boredom, disinterest or even disagreement, allowing you to modify your presentation as appropriate.
4. - ? - Audience Rapport Voice quality Body Language Delivery Audience Reaction Nerves Visual aids Cultural Considerations
What you do not say is at least as important as what you do say. Your body is speaking to your audience even before you open your mouth. Your clothes, your walk, your glasses, your haircut, your expression and even the way you stand all help to give your audience its first impression of you.
Generally speaking, it is better to stand rather than sit when making a presentation. Be aware of and avoid any repetitive and irritating gestures. Be aware, too, that the movement of your body is one of your methods of control. When you move to or from the whiteboard, for example, you can move fast or slowly, raising or reducing the dynamism in the audience. You can stand very still while talking or you can move from side to side. These movements all have a different effect on your audience.
5. - ? - Audience Rapport Voice quality Body Language Delivery Audience Reaction Nerves Visual aids Cultural Considerations
Because English is so widely used around the world, it is quite possible that many members of your audience will not be native English-speakers. In other words, they will not have an Anglo-Saxon culture. You should always bear in mind differences in culture and try to learn about any particular cultural points that may affect your audience. This is one reason why preparation for your presentation is so important.
Cultural differences can also be seen in body language. To a Latin from Southern France or Italy, a presenter who uses his hands and arms when speaking may seem dynamic and friendly. To an Englishman, the same presenter may seem unsure of his words and lacking in self-confidence.
6. - ? - Audience Rapport Voice quality Body Language Delivery Audience Reaction Nerves Visual aids Cultural Considerations
It is, of course, important that your audience can hear you clearly throughout your presentation. Remember that if you turn away from your audience, for example towards the whiteboard, you need to speak a little more loudly. In general, you should try to vary your voice. Your voice will then be more interesting for your audience. You can vary your voice in at least three ways:
• speed: you can speak at normal speed, you can speak faster, you can speak more slowly - and you can stop completely! You can pause. This is a very good technique for getting your audience's attention.
• intonation: you can change the pitch of your voice. You can speak in a high tone. You can speak in a low tone.
• volume: you can speak at normal volume, you can speak loudly and you can speak quietly. Lowering your voice and speaking quietly can again attract your audience's interest.
The important point is not to speak in the same, flat, monotonous voice throughout your presentation. This could put your audience to sleep!
7. - ? - Audience Rapport Voice quality Body Language Delivery Audience Reaction Nerves Visual aids Cultural Considerations
Of all the information that enters our brains, most of it enters through the eyes. 80% of what your audience learn during your presentation is learned visually (what they see) and only 20% is learned aurally (what they hear). The significance of this is obvious:
• visual aids are an extremely effective means of communication
• non-native English speakers need not worry so much about spoken English - they can rely more heavily on visual aids
It is well worth spending time in the creation of good visual aids. But it is equally important not to use too many. Keep the information on each visual aid to a minimum - and give your audience time to look at and absorb this information. Remember, your audience have never seen these visual aids before. They need time to study and to understand them. Without understanding there is no communication.
Apart from photographs and drawings, some of the most useful visual aids are charts and graphs, like the 3-dimensional ones shown here:

8. - ? - Audience Rapport Voice quality Body Language Delivery Audience Reaction Nerves Visual aids Cultural Considerations
Remain calm and polite if you receive difficult or even hostile questions during your presentation. If you receive very difficult questions, you might suggest that they ask their questions after your presentation. 

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1. How should you speak when you start your presentation?

2. According to the text, what is the best way of noticing if your audience is bored with, not interested in or not agreeing with your presentation?

3. How can you increase and decrease the dynamism in your audience?

4. What does the expression lacking in self-confidence mean in paragraph 5?
   a) mucha confianza en sí mismo
   b) una persona muy abierta
   c) falta de confianza en sí mismo
5) To turn away from in paragraph 6 means
   a) escribir en la pizarra
   b) volver la cara
   c) ponerse de cara a/estar de cara a
6) According to paragraph 7, how much information in a presentation is received through the ears?

7) In paragraph 7 we see the expression to absorb information. Which of the following phrasal verbs could be used in place of the verb absorb in this context?
   a) to take for
   b) to take in
   c) to take up
8) What should you do if the audience ask difficult questions during your presentation?