Grammar: Clauses. Phrases and sentences

¡OJO! – The word ‘phrase’ is a false friend. ‘Phrase’ in English does not translate to frase in Spanish. The word Frase in Spanish is translated as ‘sentence’.
Sentences begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop.
The basic unit of English grammar is the clause:
A phrase in English does not contain a subject and a verb. It cannot communicate a complete thought.
A clause does contain a subject and a verb and can convey a complete idea.

“A lovely girl sat next to me in the café yesterday”

A=article; lovely=adjective; girl=noun – ‘A lovely girl’ is a phrase.

‘A lovely girl sat next to me’ is a clause (‘A lovely girl’=subject; ‘sat’=verb)
‘I thought’ is also a clause (I=subject, thought=verb)
‘I thought about you.’ (I=subject, thought=verb, about=preposition, you=indirect object)
“A lovely girl (1st frase) sat next to me (2nd frase) in the café yesterday (3rd frase)”
“A lovely girl sat next to me (clause)”
“A lovely girl sat next to me in the café yesterday” (sentence)

In Spanish, it’s not necessary to have a subject in a clause. For example, “Vivo en Valencia.” – “(Yo) vivo en Valencia.”

“I was very surprised when she asked me for my mobile number”
I was – very surprised – when she asked – me for my mobile number.
‘I was’ (clause)
‘When she asked’ (clause)
‘When she asked me’ (clause)
‘When she asked me for my mobile number’ (clause)
(me=direct object)
(my mobile number=indirect object)
“I was very surprised when she asked me for my mobile number which I quickly wrote down on the back of an old bus ticket.”
I was very surprised (1 clause – main/principal clause)
when she asked me for my mobile number (2 clause – time clause/subordinate clause)
which I quickly wrote down on the back of an old bus ticket (3 clause – relative clause)
“A lovely girl sat next to me in the café yesterday while I was having my usual breakfast of coffee and chocolate cake.
I was very surprised when she asked me for my mobile number, which I quickly wrote down on the back of an old bus ticket.”
“A lovely girl sat next to me in the cafe yesterday” (main clause)
“while I was having my usual breakfast of coffee and chocolate cake” (subordinate clause)
What clause can you only say at the end of December? – Santa Claus!
What do you call Santa’s helpers? – Subordinate Clauses!

Pronunciation:

bear (oso), beard (barba) beer (cerveza) Look! There’s a beer!/bear!/beard!

bear – like ‘stair’, ‘fair’, ‘care’, ‘there’
beer – like ‘ear’, ‘hear’
beard – con la ‘d’ al final

To throw a spanner in the works = marear la perdiz
‘bear’ and ‘bare’ have the same pronunciation

The bare facts
The bare truth
To bare all = to show everything

Vocabulary: In The Home – The Lounge / living room – el salón

Living room, lounge, drawing room (British English) = Living room (American English)
parlor (US) = salón
carpet – moqueta
rug – alfombra
curtains – cortinas
radiator – radiador
sofa, (settee), couch – sofá
cushion – cojín
bookcase – biblioteca, librería
a set of drawers = cómoda
coffee table = mesa baja, mesa de centro, mesa ratona (Argentina), mesita de sala (Puerto Rico)
fireplace = chimenea
coal = carbón
shovel = pala
sideboard – aparador

*Dispones de más PODCAST en inglés publicados en los cuadernos anteriores
a los que puedes acceder directamente así como al índice de su contenido.